European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Volume 36, Issue 4 , Pages 345-349 , April 2010

Lymph node yield in rectal cancer surgery: Effect of preoperative chemoradiotherapy

  • B. Morcos

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to: B. Morcos, King Hussein Cancer Center, P.O. Box 1269, Al-Jubeiha, Amman 11941, Jordan. Tel.: +962 796756432; fax: +962 5353001.
  • ,
  • B. Baker

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
  • ,
  • M. Al Masri

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
  • ,
  • H. Haddad

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
  • ,
  • S. Hashem

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiation Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan

,Accepted 22 December 2009.

References 

  1. Nelson H, Petrelli N, Carlin A, et al. Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:583–596
  2. Fielding LP, Arsenault PA, Chapuis PH, et al. Clinicopathological staging for colorectal cancer: an International Documentation System (IDS) and an International Comprehensive Anatomical Terminology (ICAT). J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1991;6:325–344
  3. Cianchi F, Palomba A, Boddi V, et al. Lymph node recovery from colorectal tumour specimens: recommendation for a minimum number of lymph nodes to be examined. World J Surg. 2002;26:384–389
  4. Pocard M, Panis Y, Malassagne B, et al. Assessing the effectiveness of mesorectal excision in rectal cancer: prognostic value of the number of lymph nodes found in resected specimens. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:839–845
  5. Goldstein NS. Lymph node recoveries from 2427 pT3 colorectal resection specimens spanning 45 years: recommendations for a minimum number of recovered lymph nodes based on predictive probabilities. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;26:179–189
  6. Tepper JE, O'Connell MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Impact of number of nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:157–163
  7. Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Klein Kranenbarg E, et al. No downstaging after short-term preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:1976–1984
  8. Baxter NN, Morris AM, Rothenberger DA, et al. Impact of preoperative radiation for rectal cancer on subsequent lymph node evaluation: a population-based analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:426–431
  9. Nagtegaal ID, van de Velde CJ, van der Worp E, et al. Cooperative Clinical Investigators of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group Macroscopic evaluation of rectal cancer resection specimen: clinical significance of the pathologist in quality control. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1729–1734
  10. Maschuw K, Kress R, Ramaswamy A, et al. Short-term preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients leads to a reduction of the detectable number of lymph nodes in resection specimens. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2006;391:364–368
  11. Scott KW, Grace RH. Detection of lymph node metastases in colorectal carcinoma before and after fat clearance. Br J Surg. 1989;76:1165–1167
  12. Hernanz F, Revuelta S, Redondo C, Madrzo C, Castillo J, Gomez-Fleitas M. Colorectal adenocarcinoma: quality of the assessment of lymph node metastases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:373–376
  13. Mukai M, Sato S, Nishida T, et al. Selection criteria for high risk and low risk groups of recurrence and metastasis in patients with primary colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep. 2003;10:1753–1758
  14. Luna-Perez P, Rodriguez-Ramirez S, et al. Prognostic significance of retrieved lymph nodes per specimen in resected rectal adenocarcinoma after preoperative chemoradiation therapy. Arch Med Res. 2003;34:281–286
  15. Caplin S, Cerottini JP, Bosman FT, et al. For patients with Dukes' B (TNM Stage II) colorectal carcinoma, examination of six or fewer lymph nodes is related to poor prognosis. Cancer. 1998;83:666–672
  16. Hsiang-Lin T, Chien-Yu L, Jan-Sing H, et al. The prognostic significance of total lymph node harvest in patients with T2–4N0M0 colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11:660–665
  17. Goldstein NS, Sanford W, Coffey M, Layfield LJ. Lymph node recovery from colorectal resection specimens removed for adenocarcinoma. Trends over time and a recommendation for a minimum number of lymph nodes to be recovered. Am J Clin Pathol. 1996;106:209–216
  18. Wong JH, Severino R, Honnebier MB, Tom P, Namiki TS. Number of nodes examined and staging accuracy in colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2896–2900
  19. Swanson RS, Compton CC, Stewart AK, et al. The prognosis of T3N0 colon cancer is dependent on the number of lymph nodes examined. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10(1):65–71
  20. Sarli L, Bader G, Iusco D, et al. Number of lymph nodes examined and prognosis of TNM stage II colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2004;41:272–279
  21. American Joint Committee on Cancer . Colon, rectum. In: AJCC cancer staging manual. 6th ed.. New York, NY: Springer; 2002;
  22. Wright FC, Law CHL, Last L, et al. Lymph node retrieval and assessment in stage II colorectal cancer: a population-based study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10(8):903–909
  23. Edler D, Oehrling K, Hallstroem M, et al. The number of analyzed lymph nodes – a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. Acta Oncol. 2007;46:975–981
  24. Thorn CC, Woodcock NP, Scott N, et al. What factors affect lymph node yield in surgery for rectal cancer?. Colorectal Dis. 2004;6:356–361
  25. Sermier A, Gervaz P, Egger JF, et al. Lymph node retrieval in abdominoperineal surgical specimen is radiation time-dependent. World J Surg Oncol. 2006;4:29
  26. Rullier A, Laurent C, Capdepont M, et al. Lymph nodes after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal carcinoma: number, status, and impact on survival. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32:45–50
  27. Scott K, Grace R. Detection of lymph node metastases in colorectal carcinoma before and after fat clearance. Br J Surg. 1989;76:1165–1167
  28. Hida J, Mori N, Kubo R, et al. Metastases from carcinoma of the colon and rectum detected in small lymph nodes by the clearing method. J Am Coll Surg. 1994;178:223–228
  29. Herrera-Ornelas L, Justiniano J, Castillo N, et al. Metastases in small lymph nodes from colon cancer. Arch Surg. 1987;122:1253–1259
  30. Wichmann MW, Muller C, Meyer G, et al. Effect of preoperative radiochemotherapy on lymph node retrieval after resection of rectal cancer. Arch Surg. 2002;137:206–210

PII: S0748-7983(09)00570-8

doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2009.12.006

European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Volume 36, Issue 4 , Pages 345-349 , April 2010