European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Volume 36, Issue 2 , Pages 114-119 , February 2010

Breast MRI in clinically and mammographically occult breast cancer presenting with an axillary metastasis: A systematic review

,Accepted 21 September 2009.

References 

  1. Ashikari R, Rosen PP, Urban JA, et al. Breast cancer presenting as an axillary mass. Ann Surg. 1976;183(4):415–417
  2. Dockerty MB, Gray HK, Pierce EH. Surgical significance of isolated axillary adenopathy. Ann Surg. 1957;145(1):104–107
  3. Feigenberg Z, Zer M, Dintsman M. Axillary metastases from an unknown primary source. Isr J Med Sci. 1976;12(10):1153–1158
  4. Patel J, Nemoto T, Rosner D, et al. Axillary lymph node metastasis from an occult breast cancer. Cancer. 1981;47(12):2923–2927
  5. Fitts WT, Steiner GC, Enterline HT. Prognosis of occult carcinoma of the breast. Am J Surg. 1963;106:460–463
  6. Knapper WH. Management of occult breast cancer presenting as an axillary metastasis. Semin Surg Oncol. 1991;7(5):311–313
  7. Owen HW, Dockerty MB, Gray HK. Occult carcinoma of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1954;98(3):302–308
  8. Burnam RR. Diagnosis and treatment of occult carcinoma of the breast. J Ky Med Assoc. 1966;64(11):995–996
  9. Akashi-Tanaka S, Fukutomi T, Miyakawa K, et al. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography detection of occult breast cancers presenting as axillary masses. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1999;55(1):97–101
  10. Block EF, Meyer MA. Positron emission tomography in diagnosis of occult adenocarcinoma of the breast. Am Surg. 1998;64(9):906–908
  11. Chiti A, Di Nicola M, Spinelli A, et al. A case of metastatic axillary lymph nodes involvement from unknown primary cancer: clinical usefulness of 99mTc - sestamibi. Tumori. 1998;84(5):612–613
  12. Cox CE, Hyacinthe M, Berman C, et al. Localization of an occult primary breast cancer with technetium-99m sestamibi scan and an intraoperative gamma probe. Cancer Control. 1996;3(5):448–450
  13. Lenzi R, Kim EE, Raber MN, et al. Detection of primary breast cancer presenting as metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary origin by 111In-pentetreotide scan. Ann Oncol. 1998;9(2):213–216
  14. Rosen EL, Eubank WB, Mankoff DA. FDG PET, PET/CT, and breast cancer imaging. Radiographics. 2007;27(Suppl. 1):S215–S229
  15. Lord SJ, Lei W, Craft P, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an addition to mammography and ultrasound in screening young women at high risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43(13):1905–1917
  16. Jackson VP. The role of US in breast imaging. Radiology. 1990;177(2):305–311
  17. Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Dinnes J, et al. Development and validation of methods for assessing the quality of diagnostic accuracy studies. Health Technol Assess. 2004;8(25):1–234
  18. Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, et al. The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2003;3:25
  19. Whiting PF, Weswood ME, Rutjes AW, et al. Evaluation of QUADAS, a tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006;6:9
  20. Whiting P, Harbord R, Kleijnen J. No role for quality scores in systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005;5:19
  21. Buchanan CL, Morris EA, Dorn PL, et al. Utility of breast magnetic resonance imaging in patients with occult primary breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;12(12):1045–1053
  22. Chen C, Orel SG, Harris E, et al. Outcome after treatment of patients with mammographically occult, magnetic resonance imaging-detected breast cancer presenting with axillary lymphadenopathy. Clin Breast Cancer. 2004;5(1):72–77
  23. Ko EY, Han BK, Shin JH, et al. Breast MRI for evaluating patients with metastatic axillary lymph node and initially negative mammography and sonography. Korean J Radiol. 2007;8(5):382–389
  24. McMahon K, Medoro L, Kennedy D. Breast magnetic resonance imaging: an essential role in malignant axillary lymphadenopathy of unknown origin. Australas Radiol. 2005;49(5):382–389
  25. Morris EA, Schwartz LH, Dershaw DD, et al. MR imaging of the breast in patients with occult primary breast carcinoma. Radiology. 1997;205(2):437–440
  26. Obdeijn IM, Brouwers-Kuyper EM, Tilanus-Linthorst MM, et al. MR imaging-guided sonography followed by fine-needle aspiration cytology in occult carcinoma of the breast. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174(4):1079–1084
  27. Olson JA, Morris EA, Van Zee KJ, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging facilitates breast conservation for occult breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2000;7(6):411–415
  28. Orel SG, Weinstein SP, Schnall MD, et al. Breast MR imaging in patients with axillary node metastases and unknown primary malignancy. Radiology. 1999;212(2):543–549
  29. Demartini WB, Eby PR, Peacock S, et al. Utility of targeted sonography for breast lesions that were suspicious on MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(4):1128–1134
  30. Giagounidis EM, Markus R, Josef L, et al. CT-guided preoperative needle localization of MRI-detected breast lesions. Eur J Radiol. 2001;39(2):100–103

PII: S0748-7983(09)00468-5

doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2009.09.007

European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Volume 36, Issue 2 , Pages 114-119 , February 2010