European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Volume 35, Issue 10 , Pages 1065-1070 , October 2009

Improving staging accuracy in colon and rectal cancer by sentinel lymph node mapping: A comparative study

  • E.S. van der Zaag

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgery, Gelre Ziekenhuizen, Albert Schweitzerlaan 31, 7334 DZ Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +31 55 8446016.
  • ,
  • C.J. Buskens

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgery, Gelre Ziekenhuizen, Albert Schweitzerlaan 31, 7334 DZ Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • N. Kooij

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology, Gelre Ziekenhuizen, Albert Schweitzerlaan 31, 7334 DZ Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • H. Akol

      Affiliations

    • Department of Gastroenterology, Gelre Ziekenhuizen, Albert Schweitzerlaan 31, 7334 DZ Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • H.M. Peters

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology, Gelre Ziekenhuizen, Albert Schweitzerlaan 31, 7334 DZ Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • W.H. Bouma

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgery, Gelre Ziekenhuizen, Albert Schweitzerlaan 31, 7334 DZ Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • W.A. Bemelman

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

,Accepted 2 February 2009.

References 

  1. International multicentre pooled analysis of B2 colon cancer trials (IMPACT B2). J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:1356–1363
  2. Goldstein NS, Sanford W, Copffey M, Layfield LJ. Lymph node recovery from colorectal resection specimens removed for adenocarcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 1996;106:209–216
  3. Joseph NE, Sigurdson ER, Hanlon AL, et al. Accuracy of determining nodal negativity in colorectal cancer on the basis of the number of nodes retrieved on resection. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10:213–218
  4. Saha S, Wiese D, Badin J, et al. Technical details of sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer and its impact on staging. Ann Surg Oncol. 2000;7:120–124
  5. De Haas RJ, Wicherts DA, Hobbelink MG, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping in colon cancer: current status. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:1070–1080
  6. Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:638–646
  7. Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Klein KE, et al. No downstaging after short-term preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:1976–1984
  8. Nagtegaal ID, Marijnen CA, Kranenbarg EK, et al. Short-term preoperative radiotherapy interferes with the determination of pathological parameters in rectal cancer. J Pathol. 2002;197:20–27
  9. Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID. AJCC cancer staging manual. 6th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2002;
  10. Singletary SE, Greene FL, Sobin LH. Classification of isolated tumor cells: clarification of the 6th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging manual. Cancer. 2003;98:2740–2741
  11. Kelder W, Braat AE, Van den berg A, et al. Value of RT-PCR analysis of sentinel nodes in determining the pathological nodal status in colon cancer. Anticancer Res. 2007;27:2855–2859
  12. Doekhie FS, Kuppen PJ, Peeters KC, et al. Prognostic relevance of occult tumour cells in lymph nodes in colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2006;32:253–258
  13. Borgen E, Beiske K, Trachsel S, et al. Immunocytochemical detection of isolated epithelial cells in bone marrow: non-specific staining and contribution by plasma cells directly reactive to alkaline phosphatase. J Pathol. 1998;185:427–434
  14. Buskens CJ, Ten Kate FJ, Obertop H, Izbicki JR, van Lanschot JJ. Analysis of micrometastatic disease in histologically negative lymph nodes of patients with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus or gastric cardia. Dis Esophagus. 2008;21:488–495
  15. Joosten JJ, Strobbe LJ, Wauters CA, Pruszczynski M, Wobbes T, Ruers TJ. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and the sentinel node concept in colorectal carcinoma. Br J Surg. 1999;86:482–486
  16. Saha S, Bilchik A, Wiese D, et al. Ultrastaging of colorectal cancer by sentinel lymph node mapping technique – a multicenter trial. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001;8:94S–98S
  17. Wong JH, Steineman S, Calderia C, Bowles J, Namiki T. Ex vivo sentinel node mapping in carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg. 2001;233:515–521
  18. Tiffet O, Kaczmarek D, Chambonniere ML, et al. Combining radioisotopic and blue-dye technique does not improve the false-negative rate in sentinel lymph node mapping for colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:962–970
  19. Quirke P, Durdey P, Dixon MF, Williams NS. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection. Histopathological study of lateral tumour spread and surgical excision. Lancet. 1986;2:996–999
  20. Gandy CP, Biddlestone LR, Roe AM, O'Leary DP. Intra-operative injection of patent blue V dye to facilitate nodal staging in colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2002;4:447–449
  21. Topor B, Acland R, Kolodko V, Galandiuk S. Mesorectal lymph nodes: their location and distribution within the mesorectum. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:779–785
  22. Baton O, Lasser P, Sabourin JC, et al. Ex vivo sentinel lymph node study for rectal adenocarcinoma: preliminary study. World J Surg. 2005;29:1166–1170
  23. Braat AE, Oosterhuis JW, De Vries JE, Tollenaar RA. Lymphatic staging in colorectal cancer: pathologic, molecular, and sentinel node techniques. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:371–383
  24. Viehl CT, Hamel CT, Marti WR, et al. Identification of sentinel lymph nodes in colon cancer depends on the amount of dye injected relative to tumor size. World J Surg. 2003;27:1285–1290
  25. Stojadinovic A, Nissan A, Protic M, et al. Prospective randomized study comparing sentinel lymph node evaluation with standard pathologic evaluation for the staging of colon carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2007;245:846–857
  26. Stojadinovics A, Allen PJ, Protic M, et al. Colon sentinel lymph node mapping: practical surgical applications. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;201:297–313
  27. Teuch JJ, Pessaux P, Fiore FD, et al. Sentinel node mapping in colon carcinoma: in-vivo versus ex-vivo approach. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2006;32:158–161
  28. Wood TF, Saha S, Morton DL, et al. Validation of lymphatic mapping in colorectal cancer: in vivo, ex vivo, and laparoscopic techniques. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001;8:150–157
  29. Patten LC, Berger DH, Rodriquez-Bigas M, et al. A prospective evaluation of radiocolloid and immunohistochemical staining in colon carcinoma lymphatic mapping. Cancer. 2004;100:2104–2109
  30. Messerini L, Cianchi F, Cortesini C, Comin CE. Incidence and prognostic significance of occult tumor cells in lymph nodes from patients with stage IIA colorectal carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2006;37:1259–1267

PII: S0748-7983(09)00052-3

doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2009.02.001

European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Volume 35, Issue 10 , Pages 1065-1070 , October 2009