European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Volume 35, Issue 10 , Pages 1019-1029 , October 2009

Positron emission tomography for monitoring response to neoadjuvant therapy in patients with oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction carcinoma

  • S.A. Suttie

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel./fax: +44 (0)1382 660 111.
  • ,
  • A.E. Welch

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biomedical Physics, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, UK
  • ,
  • K.G.M. Park

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgery, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK

,Accepted 28 January 2009.

References 

  1. Gilbert FJ, Park K, Thompson AM. Scottish Audit of Gastric and Oesophageal Cancer: Report 1997–2000—A prospective audit. http://wwwshowscotnhsuk/crag/2002.
  2. MRC_Oesophageal_Cancer_Working_Party . Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9319):1727–1733
  3. Smithers BM, Couper GC, Thomas JM, et al. Positron emission tomography and pathological evidence of response to neoadjuvant therapy in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Dis Esophagus. 2008;21(2):151–158
  4. Ancona E, Ruol A, Santi S, et al. Only pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves significantly the long term survival of patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: final report of a randomized, controlled trial of preoperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone. Cancer. 2001;91(11):2165–2174
  5. Law S, Fok M, Chow S, Chu KM, Wong J. Preoperative chemotherapy versus surgical therapy alone for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a prospective randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;114(2):210–217
  6. Roth JA, Pass HI, Flanagan MM, Graeber GM, Rosenberg JC, Steinberg S. Randomized clinical trial of preoperative and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin, vindesine, and bleomycin for carcinoma of the esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;96(2):242–248
  7. Schlag PM. Randomized trial of preoperative chemotherapy for squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. The Chirurgische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fuer Onkologie der Deutschen Gesellschaft Fuer Chirurgie Study Group. Arch Surg. 1992;127(12):1446–1450
  8. Highley MS, Parnis FX, Trotter GA, et al. Combination chemotherapy with epirubicin, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil for the palliation of advanced gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg. 1994;81(12):1763–1765
  9. Stahl M, Wilke H, Meyer HJ, et al. 5-Fluorouracil, folinic acid, etoposide and cisplatin chemotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic carcinoma of the oesophagus. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(3):325–328
  10. Griffith JF, Chan AC, Chow LT, et al. Assessing chemotherapy response of squamous cell oesophageal carcinoma with spiral CT. Br J Radiol. 1999;72(859):678–684
  11. Jones DR, Parker LA. Detterbeck FC, Egan TM. Inadequacy of computed tomography in assessing patients with esophageal carcinoma after induction chemoradiotherapy. Cancer. 1999;85(5):1026–1032
  12. Helmberger H, Baum U, Dittler HJ, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the gastro-esophageal junction: CT for monitoring during neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Eur J Radiol. 1996;23(2):107–110
  13. Ng CS, Husband JE, MacVicar AD, Ross P, Cunningham DC. Correlation of CT with histopathological findings in patients with gastric and gastro-oesophageal carcinomas following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Radiol. 1998;53(6):422–427
  14. Walker SJ, Allen SM, Steel A, Cullen MH, Matthews HR. Assessment of the response to chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1991;5(10):519–522
  15. Adelstein DJ, Rice TW, Boyce GA, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Clinical and pathologic assessment of response to induction chemotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol. 1994;17(1):14–18
  16. Dittler HJ, Fink U, Siewert GR. Response to chemotherapy in esophageal cancer. Endoscopy. 1994;26(9):769–771
  17. Tio TL, Coene PP, den HartogJager FC, Tytgat GN. Preoperative TNM classification of esophageal carcinoma by endosonography. Hepatogastroenterology. 1990;37(4):376–381
  18. Giovannini M, Seitz JF, Thomas P, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography for assessment of the response to combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer. Endoscopy. 1997;29(1):4–9
  19. Hordijk ML, Kok TC, Wilson JH, Mulder AH. Assessment of response of esophageal carcinoma to induction chemotherapy. Endoscopy. 1993;25(9):592–596
  20. Isenberg G, Chak A, Canto MI, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound in restaging of esophageal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;48(2):158–163
  21. Chowdhury FU, Bradley KM, Gleeson FV. The role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the evaluation of oesophageal carcinoma. Clin Radiol. 2008;63(12):1297–1309
  22. JSED . Guidelines for the clinical and pathologic studies on carcinoma of the esophagus. 9th ed. Tokyo: Kanehara and Co; 1999;31–68
  23. Mandard AM, Dalibard F, Mandard JC, et al. Pathologic assessment of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma. Clinicopathologic correlations. Cancer. 1994;73(11):2680–2686
  24. Dunne B, Reynolds JV, Mulligan E, Kelly A, Griffin M. A pathological study of tumour regression in oesophageal adenocarcinoma treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy. J Clin Pathol. 2001;54(11):841–845
  25. Hoff SJ, Stewart JR, Sawyers JL, et al. Preliminary results with neoadjuvant therapy and resection for esophageal carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56(2):282–286[discussion 286–287]
  26. Naunheim KS, Petruska P, Roy TS, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;103(5):887–893[discussion 893–885]
  27. Parker EF, Reed CE, Marks RD, Kratz JM, Connolly M. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and resection for carcinoma of the esophagus. Long-term results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989;98(6):1037–1042[discussion 1042–1034]
  28. Torres CM, Wang HH, Turner JR, et al. Pathologic prognostic factors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a follow-up study of 74 patients with or without preoperative chemoradiation therapy. Mod Pathol. 1999;12(10):961–968
  29. Arslan N, Miller TR, Dehdashti F, Battafarano RJ, Siegel BA. Evaluation of response to neoadjuvant therapy by quantitative 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose with positron emission tomography in patients with esophageal cancer. Mol Imaging Biol. 2002;4(4):301–310
  30. Brink I, Hentschel M, Bley TA, et al. Effects of neoadjuvant radio-chemotherapy on 18F-FDG-PET in esophageal carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(5):544–550
  31. Brucher BL, Weber W, Bauer M, et al. Neoadjuvant therapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: response evaluation by positron emission tomography. Ann Surg. 2001;233(3):300–309
  32. Downey RJ, Akhurst T, Ilson D, et al. Whole body 18FDG-PET and the response of esophageal cancer to induction therapy: results of a prospective trial. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(3):428–432
  33. Duong CP, Hicks RJ, Weih L, et al. FDG-PET status following chemoradiotherapy provides high management impact and powerful prognostic stratification in oesophageal cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33(7):770–778
  34. Flamen P, Van Cutsem E, Lerut A, et al. Positron emission tomography for assessment of the response to induction radiochemotherapy in locally advanced oesophageal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(3):361–368
  35. Gillham CM, Lucey JA, Keogan M, et al. (18)FDG uptake during induction chemoradiation for oesophageal cancer fails to predict histomorphological tumour response. Br J Cancer. 2006;95(9):1174–1179
  36. Kato H, Kuwano H, Nakajima M, et al. Usefulness of positron emission tomography for assessing the response of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer. Am J Surg. 2002;184(3):279–283
  37. Kim MK, Ryu JS, Kim SB, et al. Value of complete metabolic response by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in oesophageal cancer for prediction of pathologic response and survival after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43(9):1385–1391
  38. Konski AA, Cheng JD, Goldberg M, et al. Correlation of molecular response as measured by 18-FDG positron emission tomography with outcome after chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;69(2):358–363
  39. Kroep JR, Van Groeningen CJ, Cuesta MA, et al. Positron emission tomography using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose for response monitoring in locally advanced gastroesophageal cancer; a comparison of different analytical methods. Mol Imaging Biol. 2003;5(5):337–346
  40. Levine EA, Farmer MR, Clark P, et al. Predictive value of 18-fluoro-deoxy-glucose-positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) in the identification of responders to chemoradiation therapy for the treatment of locally advanced esophageal cancer. Ann Surg. 2006;243(4):472–478
  41. Lordick F, Ott K, Krause BJ, et al. PET to assess early metabolic response and to guide treatment of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction: the MUNICON phase II trial. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8(9):797–805
  42. Mamede M, Abreu ELP, Oliva MR, Nose V, Mamon H, Gerbaudo VH. FDG-PET/CT tumor segmentation-derived indices of metabolic activity to assess response to neoadjuvant therapy and progression-free survival in esophageal cancer: correlation with histopathology results. Am J Clin Oncol. 2007;30(4):377–388
  43. McLoughlin JM, Melis M, Siegel EM, et al. Are patients with esophageal cancer who become PET negative after neoadjuvant chemoradiation free of cancer?. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206(5):879–886discussion 886–877
  44. Melcher L, Wong W, Sanghera B, et al. Sequential FDG-PET scanning in the assessment of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in operable oesophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(14S):4056
  45. Port JL, Lee PC, Korst RJ, et al. Positron emission tomographic scanning predicts survival after induction chemotherapy for esophageal carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84(2):393–400discussion 400
  46. Song SY, Kim JH, Ryu JS, et al. FDG-PET in the prediction of pathologic response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced, resectable esophageal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63(4):1053–1059
  47. Swisher SG, Erasmus J, Maish M, et al. 2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography imaging is predictive of pathologic response and survival after preoperative chemoradiation in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;101(8):1776–1785
  48. Weber WA, Ott K, Becker K, et al. Prediction of response to preoperative chemotherapy in adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction by metabolic imaging. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(12):3058–3065
  49. Wieder HA, Brucher BL, Zimmermann F, et al. Time course of tumor metabolic activity during chemoradiotherapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and response to treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(5):900–908
  50. Jager PL, Que TH, Vaalburg W, Pruim J, Elsinga P, Plukker JT. Carbon-11 choline or FDG-PET for staging of oesophageal cancer?. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28(12):1845–1849
  51. Kobori O, Kirihara Y, Kosaka N, Hara T. Positron emission tomography of esophageal carcinoma using (11)C-choline and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose: a novel method of preoperative lymph node staging. Cancer. 1999;86(9):1638–1648
  52. Young H, Baum R, Cremerius U, et al. Measurement of clinical and subclinical tumour response using [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography: review and 1999 EORTC recommendations. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) PET Study Group. Eur J Cancer. 1999;35(13):1773–1782
  53. Couper GW, McAteer D, Wallis F, et al. Detection of response to chemotherapy using positron emission tomography in patients with oesophageal and gastric cancer. Br J Surg. 1998;85(10):1403–1406
  54. Hautzel H, Muller-Gartner HW. Early changes in fluorine-18-FDG uptake during radiotherapy. J Nucl Med. 1997;38(9):1384–1386

PII: S0748-7983(09)00032-8

doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2009.01.012

European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Volume 35, Issue 10 , Pages 1019-1029 , October 2009