European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Volume 35, Issue 4 , Pages 335-338 , April 2009

Decreasing arm morbidity by refining axillary surgery in breast cancer

,Accepted 9 June 2008.

References 

  1. Halsted WS. The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from June 1889 to January 1894. Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull. 1894;4:297–323
  2. Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1233–1241
  3. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Mariani L, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized study comparing breast-conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1227–1232
  4. Maddox WA, Carpenter JT, Laws HL, et al. A randomized prospective trial of radical (Halsted) mastectomy versus modified radical mastectomy in 311 breast cancer patients. Ann Surg. 1983;98:207–212
  5. Veronesi U, Marubini E, Mariani L, Valagussa P, Zucali R. The dissection of internal mammary nodes does not improve the survival of breast cancer patients. 30-year results of a randomised trial. Eur J Cancer. 1999;35:1320–1325
  6. Fisher B. Seminars of Bernard Fisher 1960 – nature of cancer as systemic disease?. Bull Soc Int Chir. 1972;31:604–609
  7. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet. 2005;365:1687–1717
  8. Giuliano AE, Kirgan DM, Guenther JM, Morton DL. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Ann Surg. 1994;3:391–401
  9. Mansel RE, Fallowfield L, Kissin M, et al. Randomized multicenter trial of sentinel node biopsy versus standard axillary treatment in operable breast cancer: the ALMANAC Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:599–609
  10. Bergkvist L, de Boniface J, Jönsson PE, et al. Swedish Axillary recurrence rate after negative sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer: three-year follow-up of the Swedish Multicenter Cohort Study. Society of Breast Surgeons. Ann Surg. 2008;247:150–156
  11. Naik AM, Fey J, Gemignani M, et al. The risk of axillary relapse after sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer is comparable with that of axillary lymph node dissection. A follow-up study of 4008 procedures. Ann Surg. 2004;240:462–471
  12. Krag DN, Anderson SJ, Julian TB, et al. National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Technical outcomes of sentinel-lymph-node resection and conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer: results from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:881–888
  13. Ponzone R, Maggiorotto F, Mariani L, et al. Comparison of two models for the prediction of nonsentinel node metastases in breast cancer. Am J Surg. 2007;193:686–692
  14. Berg JW. The significance of axillary node levels in the study of breast carcinoma. Cancer. 1955;8:776–778
  15. NIH Consensus Conference . Treatment of early-stage breast cancer. JAMA. 1991;265:391–395
  16. Ung O, Tan M, Chua B, Barraclough B. Complete axillary dissection: a technique that still has relevance in contemporary management of breast cancer. ANZ J Surg. 2006;76:518–521
  17. Trost O, Danino A, Benoît L, et al. Lymph node clearance: is surgical practice homogenous?. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2007;52:555–558
  18. Kutiyanawala MA, Stotter A, Windle R. Anatomical variants during axillary dissection. Br J Surg. 1998;85:393–394
  19. Tan MP, Ung OA. Surgical approach to the angular vein of the axilla: an “inverted” technique of axillary dissection. Breast J. 2007;13:220–222
  20. Nandipati KC, Raina R, Agarwal A, Zippe CD. Nerve-sparing surgery significantly affects long-term continence after radical prostatectomy. Urology. 2007;70:1127–1130
  21. Fujii S, Takakura K, Matsumura N, et al. Anatomic identification and functional outcomes of the nerve sparing Okabayashi radical hysterectomy. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;107:4–13
  22. Assa J. The intercostobrachial nerve in radical mastectomy. J Surg Oncol. 1974;6:123–126
  23. Teicher I, Poulard B, Wise L. Preservation of the intercostobrachial nerve during axillary dissection for carcinoma of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1982;155:891–892
  24. Temple WJ, Ketcham AS. Preservation of the intercostobrachial nerve during axillary dissection for breast cancer. Am J Surg. 1985;150:585–588
  25. Maycock LA, Dillon P, Dixon JM. Morbidity related to intercostobrachial nerve damage following axillary surgery for breast cancer. Breast. 1998;7:209–212
  26. Salmon RJ, Ansquer Y, Asselain B. Preservation versus section of intercostal-brachial nerve (IBN) in axillary dissection for breast cancer – a prospective randomized trial. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1998;24:158–161
  27. Abdullah TI, Iddon J, Barr L, Baildam AD, Bundred NJ. Prospective randomised controlled trial of preservation of the intercostobrachial nerve during axillary node clearance for breast cancer. Br J Surg. 1998;85:1443–1445
  28. Torresan RZ, Cabello C, Conde DM, Brenelli HB. Impact of the preservation of the intercostobrachial nerve in axillary lymphadenectomy due to breast cancer. Breast J. 2003;9:389–392
  29. Freeman SR, Washington SJ, Pritchard T, Barr L, Baildam AD, Bundred NJ. Long term results of a randomised prospective study of preservation of the intercostobrachial nerve. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29:213–215
  30. Cunnick GH, Upponi S, Wishart GC. Anatomical variants of the intercostobrachial nerve encountered during axillary dissection. Breast. 2001;10:160–162
  31. Loukas M, Louis RG, Wartmann CT. T2 contributions to the brachial plexus. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(2 Suppl. 1):13–18
  32. Loukas M, Louis RG, Fogg QA, et al. An unusual innervation of pectoralis minor and major muscles from a branch of the intercostobrachial nerve. Clin Anat. 2006;19:347–349
  33. Thompson M, Korourian S, Henry-Tillman R, et al. Axillary reverse mapping (ARM): a new concept to identify and enhance lymphatic preservation. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:1890–1895
  34. Nos C, Lesieur B, Clough KB, Lecuru F. Blue dye injection in the arm in order to conserve the lymphatic drainage of the arm in breast cancer patients requiring an axillary dissection. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(9):2490–2496
  35. Sakorafasa GH, Perosa G, Cataliotti L, et al. Lymphedema following axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. Surg Oncol. 2006;15:153–165
  36. Ponzone R, Mininanni P, Cassina E, Sismondi P. Axillary reverse mapping in breast cancer: can we spare what we find?. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:390–391
  37. Nos C, Lesieur B, Clough KB, Collignon MA, Lecuru F. Comments to the letter to the editor by Dr. Ponzone. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:392–393
  38. Boneti C, Korourian S, Bland K, et al. Axillary reverse mapping: mapping and preserving arm lymphatics may be important in preventing lymphedema during sentinel lymph node biopsy. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206:1038–1042
  39. Clarke M, Collins R, Darby S, et al. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG) Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet. 2005;366:2087–2106
  40. Punglia RS, Morrow M, Winer EP, Harris JR. Local therapy and survival in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2399–2405
  41. Nattinger AB, Hoffmann RG, Kneusel RT, Schapira MM. Relation between appropriateness of primary therapy for early-stage breast carcinoma and increased use of breast-conserving surgery. Lancet. 2000;356:1148–1153

PII: S0748-7983(08)01707-1

doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2008.06.1494

European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Volume 35, Issue 4 , Pages 335-338 , April 2009